Sources and coverage
GVA/capita is measured in inflation-adjusted pounds at 2023 prices. Supplied ONS workbooks: all-industry totals in Tables 1b and 2b of the regional GVA by industry workbook, and population in Table 17 of the per-head and income components workbook. Regional CVM uses the calculated Parquet dataset. Single national deflator is the default. The GVA workbook is from September 2026 and the population workbook is from April 2025.
Single national deflator uses nominal GVA from Tables 1c and 2c of the same GVA workbook, divided by the same population, then multiplied by the 2023 UK deflator divided by that year’s UK deflator. The annual ONS UK GVA implied deflator (CGBV) is from the 13 August 2026 release. Both options express levels in 2023 pounds. Regional CVM reflects differences in industry mix; the national option applies the same inflation adjustment everywhere. Neither measures regional consumer living costs. The national option follows the earlier analysis’s method but uses the newer regional GVA release, so it does not reproduce that earlier chart exactly.
2024 population = 2023 population + the increase from 2022 to 2023. The UK total includes Extra-Regio GVA.
North England combines North East, Yorkshire and The Humber, and North West. The Midlands combines West Midlands and East Midlands. North England plus The Midlands combines North East, North West, Yorkshire and The Humber, East Midlands and West Midlands, counting each of the five ITL1 regions once; it is selectable separately under Meta regions. England excluding London combines the eight English ITL1 regions outside London and is shown separately under Meta regions. Each composite is the sum of its constituent GVA estimates divided by the sum of their populations, rather than an unweighted average of GVA/capita. In regional CVM mode, chained volume measures are not additive, so these summed composites are indicative estimates, not separately chain-linked ONS series. In national-deflator mode, nominal GVA is summed before applying the common deflator.
USA, European Union (27), Poland and Netherlands are international GDP benchmarks, not official GVA estimates. Source: Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026), processed by Our World in Data, indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD, GDP per person in constant 2021 international dollars (PPP-adjusted). Source updated 27 July 2026; downloaded 4 October 2026. We use the EU-27 aggregate supplied by OWID, excluding the UK, rather than an unweighted average of countries. The chart uses 1998–2024 to match UK coverage.
International calibration uses a single fixed multiplier: UK GVA/capita in 2023 ÷ OWID UK GDP/capita in 2023. Every USA, EU, Poland and Netherlands observation is multiplied by that same factor. Both UK methods agree in 2023, so the benchmark lines stay the same in both modes. Their published percentage growth rates are preserved for every start year. The calibration matches the source UK level to our UK level only in 2023; it does not force UK growth histories to agree. The resulting pound-scale levels are approximate comparisons: calibration does not remove GDP/GVA differences (including taxes less subsidies on products), differing population estimates, or differences in data vintages. It also does not adjust UK regions for local price levels.
North Rhine-Westphalia (NUTS 1 code DEA) uses the German AK VGRdL regional accounts, Reihe 1 Band 1, published March 2026 (August 2025/February 2026 calculation vintage, Revision 2024). Tables 1.1 and 13 provide nominal GDP in millions of euros and resident population in thousands; Table 6.1 provides Germany’s chained GDP volume index. The German national GDP deflator is derived from Germany’s nominal GDP divided by its volume index and normalized to 2023. NRW nominal GDP per resident is divided by this deflator. A single fixed multiplier uses OWID Germany’s PPP GDP/capita in 2023 divided by Germany’s nominal GDP/capita in 2023, then applies the same UK calibration as the other international lines. This preserves the calculated growth under German national deflation. The national PPP adjustment is assumed to apply within NRW; there is no regional living-cost adjustment. Coverage is 1998–2024, including actual German 2024 population, and the benchmark stays identical in both UK inflation modes. It is an approximate GDP comparison using two source vintages.
Display relative change shows the cumulative percentage change from the selected start year: (GVA/capita in a year ÷ GVA/capita in the start year − 1) × 100. The start-year slider is available only in relative mode, from 1998 to 2023, with the chart ending in 2024. Available series start at 0%; this is not the annual growth rate. A region without a usable value in the start year is omitted from the relative chart until another start year is selected.
Eight ITL2 areas use older April 2025 GVA estimates for 1998–2023: West of England; North Somerset, Somerset and Dorset; Gloucestershire and Wiltshire; North Wales; Mid and South West Wales; South East Wales; Highlands and Islands; and West Central Scotland. Their GVA was suppressed in the September 2026 release because of ITL25 boundary conversion issues. This fallback does not correct that release and may not reconcile with newer parent totals. Existing non-missing values are retained. For regional CVM, each older series is rebased from 2022 to 2023 money levels by multiplying by its own nominal 2023 GVA divided by its CVM 2023 GVA; growth rates are preserved. National-deflator mode uses the older nominal GVA with the same UK deflator as other regions. Backfill GVA coverage ends in 2023: no 2024 GVA is estimated. Highlands and Islands has its last usable per-capita value in 2022 because its 2023 population is missing. Highlands and Islands and Southern Scotland retain population gaps in 2012–2021 and 2023–2024. ○ marks regions without usable values. Missing values are not joined or treated as zero. Line labels show the latest available value. Point to the chart, or focus it and use the left and right arrow keys, to show another year’s values in those labels. The year above the labels identifies the inspected year; earlier endpoints are dated individually.